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Intensity of agriculture in Slovenia is moderate, focusing mostly on improving labour intensity in agricultural production, i.e. reducing the input of labour per unit of area or product. The number of livestock units (LU) per ha of utilised agricultural area, as the most aggregate indicator of production intensity, is stable; in the 2000–2016 period, the stocking density, like in other EU countries, has slightly decreased. Due to economic pressures (market-price relationships) agricultural holdings are forced to reduce production costs and increase productivity and farming intensity. The intensity of agricultural production in Slovenia in the period of 2000–2016 moderately increased. The increase is the result of the continued reduction in the number of agricultural holdings and the concentration of agricultural production.

Definition

The intensity of agriculture is an indicator that reflects the level of increase in productivity of agricultural production, which is expressed per unit of agricultural area or per head of animal. It consists of four indicators, which represent the most widespread production orientations in Slovenia. For livestock production, it is calculated as the number of head of large livestock units (LU) per hectare of utilized agricultural area (UAA) and the average milk yield per dairy cow. For crop production, it is calculated as the average yield of wheat and spelt per hectare of UAA and the average yield of maize per hectare of UAA.

Charts

Figure KM04-1: Intensity of stocking and production: the average yield of wheat and maize per hectare, milk yield and number of livestock units per hectare of utilised agricultural area in the period 2000–2017

Sources:

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2018)

Chart note:

Calculations by AIS

Show data


	Wheat and spelt[t/ha]	Maize[t/ha]	LU/ha UAA[number]	Milk yield[t/cow]
2000	4.26	5.88	0.97	4.63
2001	4.60	5.41		4.81
2002	4.89	8.16		5.20
2003	3.45	5.08	0.94	5.06
2004	4.53	7.78		4.85
2005	4.70	8.29	0.87	5.48
2006	4.19	6.93		5.71
2007	4.16	7.54	0.89	5.73
2008	4.53	7.32		5.76
2009	3.96	7.84		5.53
2010	4.80	8.54	0.89	5.52
2011	5.18	8.69		5.52
2012	5.44	7.08		5.59
2013	4.35	5.41	0.84	5.43
2014	5.23	9.15		5.72
2015	5.11	8.97		5.60
2016	5.11	9.51		6.02
2017	5.11	7.11	0.87	5.95

Export Table Data

Figure KM04-2: Agricultural holdings in Slovenia by number of livestock in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016

Sources:

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2018)

Chart note:

Calculations by AIS

Show data


	2000[number]	2003[number]	2005[number]	2007[number]	2010[number]	2013[number]	2016[number]	Number of holdings - 2000[number]	Number of holdings - 2003[number]	Number of holdings - 2005[number]	Number of holdings - 2007[number]	Number of holdings - 2010[number]	Number of holdings - 2013[number]	Number of holdings - 2016[number]	Livestock breeding - 2000[number]	Livestock breeding - 2003[number]	Livestock breeding - 2005[number]	Livestock breeding - 2007[number]	Livestock breeding - 2010[number]	Livestock breeding - 2013[number]	Livestock breeding - 2016[number]
Sheep	22.18	22.65	22.82	22.94	22.28	20.93	21.94	4330	5281	5747	5923	6181	6243	6150	96027	119631	131126	135887	137737	130657	134929
Pigs	13.49	15.40	14.88	17.18	14.45	12.13	12.07	44623	39484	33945	31690	26441	23700	22649	601953	607881	505161	544405	382031	287498	273359
Cattle	8.91	10.23	10.56	11.57	13.08	13.56	14.82	56097	46736	43675	40842	36119	34087	32805	499546	478331	461224	472363	472333	462066	486014
Goats	6.15	7.22	7.50	8.37	8.27	8.59	8.39	4775	3974	4108	4133	4214	4022	4598	29385	28690	30826	34593	34864	34542	38564
Horses	3.11	3.57	3.75	3.86	3.81	3.62	3.37	4634	4728	5128	5081	5948	6029	5766	14407	16879	19249	19623	22673	21832	19453
Total	6.07	6.62	6.30	6.82	7.19	6.92	7.51	77452	68909	66909	63549	58648	57749	55782	470498	456167	421587	433382	421553	399349	418684

Export Table Data

Figure KM04-3: Agricultural holdings in Slovenia by average production area of wheat and maize in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016

Sources:

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2018)

Chart note:

Calculations by AIS

Show data


	Wheat and spelt[ha per holding]	Maize[ha per holding]	Wheat and spelt[number of holdings]	Wheat and spelt[ha]	Maize[number of holdings]	Maize[ha]
2000	1.24	1.07	30905	38257	44826	48009
2003	1.40	1.22	25457	35585	36141	44137
2005	1.36	1.24	22100	30059	34212	42369
2007	1.52	1.42	21014	32040	28844	40905
2010	1.71	1.47	18690	31946	24795	36433
2013	1.77	1.72	18635	32959	24670	42375
2016	2.05	1.74	16086	33016	21242	36985

Export Table Data

Figure KM04-4: Number of livestock units (LU) per hectare of utilised agricultural area (UAA) in Slovenia and selected EU countries in 2000, 2010, 2016

Sources:

EUROSTAT (2018)

Chart note:

Calculations by AIS

Show data


	2000[LU/ha UAA]	2010[LU/ha UAA]	2016[LU/ha UAA]	LU - 2000[number]	LU - 2010[number]	LU - 2016[number]	UAA - 2000[ha]	UAA - 2010[ha]	UAA - 2016[ha]
Belgium	3.13	2.80	2.79	4359330	3798680	3772750	1393780	1358020	1354250
Slovenia	0.97	1.07	1.05	611100	518480	512120	485879	482650	488400
Austria	0.79	0.87	0.89	2673930	2517170	2432030	3388230	2878170	2726890
Greece	0.71	0.46	0.43	2540110	2406520	2102870	3583190	5177510	4856780

Export Table Data

Figure KM04-5: Average milk yield of cows in Slovenia and selected EU countries in the period 2000–2017

Sources:

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2018)

; EUROSTAT (2018)

Chart note:

Calculations by AIS

Show data


	Dairy cows - Slovenia[number]	Milk production - Slovenia[t]	Slovenia[kg/cow]	Dairy cows - Austria[number]	Milk production - Austria[t]	Austria[kg/cow]	Dairy cows - Belgium[number]	Milk production - Belgium[t]	Belgium[kg/cow]	Dairy cows - Greece[number]	Milk production - Greece[t]	Greece[kg/cow]
2000	140236	648628	4625.26	621000	3233100	5206.28	629400	3425000	5441.69	180000	789300	4385
2001	135805	652835	4807.15	597980	3299600	5517.91	611320	3357000	5491.40	172000	778100	4523.84
2002	139980	727639	5198.16	588970	3292200	5589.76	591010	3160000	5346.78	152000	758200	4988.16
2003	130711	661651	5061.94	557880	3229900	5789.60	572140	3127000	5465.45	149000	767800	5153.02
2004	134009	650400	4853.41	537950	3137300	5831.95	570610	3120000	5467.83	150000	762200	5081.33
2005	120273	659031	5479.46	534420	3113700	5826.32	548150	3082000	5622.55	152260	761300	5000
2006	112510	642262	5708.49	527420	3146700	5966.21	531910	2917000	5484.01	167750	763800	4553.20
2007	116391	666472	5726.15	524500	3155100	6015.44	524290	2943000	5613.31	150000	774000	5160
2008	113400	653682	5764.39	530230	3195900	6027.38	517770	2892000	5585.49	154000	787200	5111.69
2009	113103	625521	5530.54	532980	3229800	6059.89	517680	2996000	5787.36	145000	752800	5191.72
2010	109467	603930	5517.01	532740	3257700	6114.99	517740	3111000	6008.81	144000	743660	5164.31
2011	109068	601591	5515.74	527390	3307130	6270.75	510650	3151000	6170.57	130000	757000	5823.08
2012	111022	620943	5592.97	523370	3382100	6462.16	503540	3116000	6188.19	132000	765500	5799.24
2013	109571	595496	5434.80	529560	3393060	6407.32	515990	3529000	6839.28	130000	730600	5620
2014	107841	616581	5717.50	537740	3493860	6497.30	519090	3710000	7147.12	135000	769000	5696.30
2015	112838	631671	5598.03	534100	3537760	6623.78	528780	3826000	7235.52	111000	770000	6936.94
2016	107841	649675	6024.38	539870	3627610	6719.41	530590	3895000	7340.88	106000	706000	6660.38
2017	108825	647986	5954.39	543420	3712730	6832.16	519160	4031000	7764.47	97000	670000	6907.22

Export Table Data

Figure KM04-6: Average yield of wheat in Slovenia, and selected EU countries in the period 2000–2017

Sources:

EUROSTAT (2018)

Chart note:

Calculations by AIS

Show data


	Wheat and spelt area - Slovenia[ha]	Wheat harvest - Slovenia[t]	Average wheat yield - Slovenia[t/ha]	Wheat area - Austria[ha]	Wheat harvest - Austria[t]	Average wheat yield - Austria[t/ha]	Wheat area - Belgium[ha]	Wheat harvest - Belgium[t]	Average wheat yield - Belgium[t/ha]	Wheat area - Greece[ha]	Wheat harvest - Greece[t]	Average wheat yield - Greece[t/ha]
2000	38260	162560	4.25	293800	1313000	4.47	213000	1687600	7.92	829290	1858860	2.24
2001	39340	181080	4.60	287700	1508300	5.24	181000	1457400	8.05	931080	1827500	1.96
2002	35730	174870	4.89	288800	1434300	4.97	203000	1675100	8.27	890310	1782410	2.00
2003	35590	122920	3.45	272000	1191400	4.38	199000	1692900	8.49	851090	1629770	1.91
2004	32390	146830	4.53	290200	1718800	5.92	212000	1913100	8.98	838860	1773860	2.11
2005	30060	141290	4.70	289000	1453100	5.03	214000	1799400	8.42	868740	1761060	2.03
2006	32080	134450	4.19	284600	1396300	4.91	210000	1719500	8.17	685170	1574900	2.30
2007	32040	133340	4.16	293000	1399300	4.78	210000	1645300	7.83	678050	1389680	2.05
2008	35410	160300	4.53	296800	1689700	5.69	224000	1944300	8.68	657370	1939360	2.95
2009	34530	136900	3.96	309100	1523400	4.93	211500	1978100	9.35	781990	2140480	2.74
2010	31950	153480	4.80	302850	1517810	5.01	213000	1912800	8.98	661050	2025270	3.06
2011	29670	153580	5.18	304330	1781840	5.85	200710	1687730	8.41	543700	1850060	3.40
2012	34590	188070	5.44	308180	1275500	4.14	217100	1834600	8.45	563200	1567570	2.78
2013	31760	138240	4.35	297290	1597710	5.37	201860	1843600	9.13	579270	1643430	2.84
2014	33120	173240	5.23	304650	1804020	5.92	210760	1918980	9.11	545380	1663780	3.05
2015	30730	157060	5.11	302970	1725740	5.70	221780	2076260	9.36	488200	1139750	2.33
2016	31460	163170	5.19	317760	1977040	6.22	215720	1446580	6.71	536780	1593250	2.97
2017	28020	140960	5.03	297280	1442770	4.85	190210	1592560	8.37	576560	1690690	2.93

Export Table Data

Figure KM04-7: Average yield of grain maize in Slovenia, and selected EU countries in the period 2000–2017

Sources:

EUROSTAT (2018)

Chart note:

Calculations by AIS

Show data


	Maize area - Slovenia[ha]	Maize harvest - Slovenia[t]	Slovenia[t/ha]	Maize area - Austria[ha]	Maize harvest - Austria[t]	Austria[t/ha]	Maize area - Belgium[ha]	Maize harvest - Belgium[t]	Belgium[t/ha]	Maize area - Greece[ha]	Maize harvest - Greece[t]	Greece[t/ha]
2000	48009	282393	5.88	164057	1617535	9.86	35783	397375	11.11	208250	1850370	8.89
2001	47571	257546	5.41	171420	1493010	8.71	40555	460874	11.36	210390	1900260	9.03
2002	45525	371365	8.16	172230	1666605	9.68	47392	530700	11.20	225470	2004510	8.89
2003	44137	224223	5.08	173306	1452054	8.38	52723	554700	10.52	249020	2205520	8.86
2004	45996	357621	7.78	178700	1653700	9.25	52200	637800	12.22	251410	2210400	8.79
2005	42369	351168	8.29	167200	1724800	10.32	54300	634100	11.68	241420	2168930	8.98
2006	39839	276106	6.93	159300	1471700	9.24	56500	575900	10.19	179130	1646630	9.19
2007	40906	308259	7.54	170900	1696500	9.93	58200	698900	12.01	190340	1927540	10.13
2008	43698	319902	7.32	194100	2147200	11.06	72015	858800	11.93	240100	2472140	10.30
2009	38611	302600	7.84	178500	1890500	10.59	66700	808100	12.12	235260	2432870	10.34
2010	36433	311117	8.54	201140	1955990	9.72	69800	745900	10.69	181050	1912150	10.56
2011	40185	349030	8.69	217100	2453130	11.30	72030	859690	11.94	181880	2195790	12.07
2012	39166	277358	7.08	219700	2351370	10.70	67200	733600	10.92	183950	2009790	10.93
2013	41857	226634	5.41	201920	1639020	8.12	74170	837600	11.29	183010	2145250	11.72
2014	38331	350583	9.15	216320	2334390	10.79	62830	778570	12.39	159780	1824140	11.42
2015	37743	338712	8.97	188730	1637910	8.68	58400	692960	11.87	152050	1542300	10.14
2016	36388	346211	9.51	195250	2179590	11.16	52100	480730	9.23	139380	1447650	10.39
2017	38290	272177	7.11	209480	2075980	9.91	48840	598170	12.25	143490	1423810	9.92

Export Table Data

Figure KM04-8: Number of LU per hectare of UAA by municipalities

Chart note:

Data from agricultural holdings survey 2010; date of data collection: 26. 10. 2016

Goals

Intensity of agriculture is a process that can in the uncontrolled conditions present one of the biggest pressures on nature and the environment, in this regard there are several conflicting goals:

- Restructuring of agriculture, increasing productivity and increasing its competitiveness

(Rural Development Programme 2014–2020)

- Eradicating hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition and promoting

sustainable agriculture (Agenda 2030)

- Protection, conservation and improvement of the Union's natural capital

(7^th Environmental Action Program )

- Protecting Union citizens from environmental pressures and health and well being risks

(7^th Environmental Action Program).

Methodology

Last modified: 30.09.2018

Author(s): Matej Bedrač, Tomaž Cunder, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia

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[KM04] Intensity of agriculture

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